Jump to content

Gazprom

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Gazprom PJSC
Native name
ПАО "Газпром"
Company typeState-owned company
Public (PAO)
IndustryOil and gas
Founded8 August 1989; 35 years ago (1989-08-08)
HeadquartersLakhta Centre,
Saint Petersburg
,
Russia
Key people
ProductsPetroleum
Natural gas
Petrochemicals
ServicesGas pipeline transport
Revenue$87.7 billion[1] (2020)
$8.53 billion[1] (2020)
$2.25 billion[1] (2020)
Total assets$324 billion[1] (2020)
Total equity$205 billion[1] (2020)
OwnerRussian government (50.23%)
Number of employees
466,000[2] (2018)
SubsidiariesList of subsidiaries
Websitegazprom.com

PJSC Gazprom (Russian: Газпром, IPA: [ɡɐsˈprom]) is a Russian majority state-owned multinational energy corporation headquartered in the Lakhta Center in Saint Petersburg.[3] As of 2019, with sales over $120 billion,[4] it was, until 2023, ranked as the largest publicly listed natural gas company in the world and the largest company in Russia by revenue.[5][6] In the 2020 Forbes Global 2000, Gazprom was ranked as the 32nd largest public company in the world.[7] The Gazprom name is a contraction of the Russian words gazovaya promyshlennost (газовая промышленность, gas industry). In January 2022, Gazprom displaced Sberbank from the first place in the list of the largest companies in Russia by market capitalization.[8] In 2022, the company's revenue amounted to 8 trillion rubles.[4] In 2023, the company is delisted from international markets, and continues substantial constriction in its operational results (such as production, export)[citation needed].

Gazprom is vertically integrated and is active in every area of the gas industry, including exploration and production, refining, transport, distribution and marketing, and power generation.[9] In 2018, Gazprom produced twelve percent of the global output of natural gas, producing 497.6 billion cubic meters of natural and associated gas and 15.9 million tonnes of gas condensate.[10] Gazprom then exports the gas through pipelines that the company builds and owns across Russia and abroad, such as Nord Stream 1 and TurkStream.[11] In the same year, Gazprom has proven reserves of 35.1 trillion cubic meters of gas and 1.6 billion tons of gas condensate.[10] Gazprom is also a large oil producer through its subsidiary Gazprom Neft, producing about 41 million tons of oil with reserves amounting to 2 billion tons.[10] The company also has subsidiaries in industrial sectors, including finance, media and aviation, and majority stakes in other companies.

Gazprom was created in 1989, when the Soviet Ministry of Gas Industry was converted to a corporation, becoming the first state-run corporate enterprise in the Soviet Union. After the Soviet Union's dissolution, Gazprom was privatized, retaining its Russia-based assets. At that time, Gazprom evaded taxes and state regulations and engaged in asset stripping. The company later returned to government control in the early 2000s, and since then, the company has been involved in the Russian government's diplomatic efforts, setting of gas prices, and access to pipelines.[12]

The company is majority-owned by the Russian government, via the Federal Agency for State Property Management and Rosneftegaz, while the remaining shares are traded publicly.[13] Gazprom has a listing in the Moscow Exchange and had a market capitalization of US$80.56 billion as of September 2019 [5] and RUB3.94T (US$44.96 billion) in March2000

History

[edit]

Origins

[edit]

In 1943, during World War II, the government of the Soviet Union developed a domestic gas industry. In 1965, it centralized gas exploration, development, and distribution within the Ministry of Gas Industry. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Ministry of Gas Industry found large natural gas reserves in Siberia, the Ural region and the Volga Region. The Soviet Union became a major gas producer.[14] In August 1989, under the leadership of the minister of Gas Industry of the Soviet Union (1985-1989) Viktor Chernomyrdin, the Ministry of Gas Industry was renamed the State Gas Concern Gazprom, and became the Soviet Union's first state-run corporate enterprise.[15][16] In late 1991, when the Soviet Union dissolved, gas industry assets were transferred to newly established national companies, such as Naftogaz and Turkmengaz.[17] Gazprom kept assets located in Russia and secured a monopoly in the gas sector.[16]

Privatization

[edit]

In December 1992, when Boris Yeltsin, the Russian President, appointed Viktor Chernomyrdin, Gazprom's Chairman, his Prime Minister, the company's political influence increased. Rem Viakhirev took the chairmanship of Gazprom's Board of Directors and Managing Committee.[16] Following the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 5 November 1992, and the Resolution of the Government of Russia of 17 February 1993, Gazprom became a joint-stock company. Gazprom began to distribute shares under the voucher method. (Each Russian citizen received vouchers to purchase shares of formerly state-owned companies). By 1994, 33% of Gazprom's shares had been bought by 747,000 members of the public, mostly in exchange for vouchers. Fifteen percent of the stock was allocated to Gazprom employees. The state retained 40% of the shares. That amount was gradually lowered to thirty-eight percent.[16] Trading of Gazprom's shares was heavily regulated. Foreigners were prohibited from owning more than nine-percent of the shares. In October 1996, 1% of Gazprom's equity was offered for sale to foreigners as Global Depository Receipts. In 1997, Gazprom offered a bond issue of US$2.5 billion.

Chernomyrdin, as Prime Minister of Russia, ensured Gazprom avoided tight state regulation. Gazprom evaded taxes, and the Government of Russia received little in dividends. Gazprom managers and board members, such as Chernomyrdin and the Gazprom Chief Executive Officer, Rem Viakhirev, engaged in asset-stripping. Gazprom assets were shared amongst their relatives. Itera, a gas trading company also received Gazprom assets.[18] In March 1998, for reasons unrelated to his activities at Gazprom, Chernomyrdin was fired by Yeltsin.[19] On 30 June 1998, Chernomyrdin was made Chairman of the Board of Directors of Gazprom.

State control

[edit]
Major Russian natural gas basins in 2000

When, in June 2000, Vladimir Putin became the President of Russia, he acted to gain control over Russia's oligarchs, and increase the Government of Russia's control in important companies through a program of national champions.[20] Putin fired Chernomyrdin from his position as the Chairman of the Gazprom board. The Russian Government's stock in Gazprom gave Putin the power to vote out Vyakhirev. Chernomyrdin and Vyakhirev were replaced by Dmitry Medvedev and Alexei Miller. They were Putin's prior employees in Saint Petersburg.[20] Putin's actions were aided by the shareholder activism of Hermitage Capital Management Chief Executive Officer William Browder, and the former Russian Finance Minister Boris Fyodorov. Miller and Medvedev were to stop asset stripping at Gazprom and to recover losses. Itera was denied access to Gazprom's pipelines and came close to bankruptcy. Itera agreed to return stolen assets to Gazprom for a fee.[21]

In April 2001, Gazprom acquired NTV, Russia's only nationwide state-independent television station, from Vladimir Gusinsky's company, Media-Most Holdings.[22][23][24]

In 2002, the Gazprom subsidiary Gazprom Media acquired all of Gusinsky's shares in companies held by Media-Most.[25]

In June 2005, Gazprombank, Gazpromivest Holding, Gazfond and Gazprom Finance B. V., subsidiaries of Gazprom, sold a 10.7399% share of their stock for $7 billion to Rosneftegaz [ru], a state-owned company. Some analysts said the amount paid by Rosneftegaz for the stock was too low.[26] The sale was completed by 25 December 2005. With the purchased stock and the thirty-eight percent share held by the State Property Committee, the Government of Russia gained control of Gazprom.[27] The Government of Russia revoked the Gazprom twenty percent foreign ownership rule and the company became open to foreign investment.[28][29] In September 2005, Gazprom bought 72.633 percent of the oil company Sibneft for $13.01 billion. Sibneft was renamed Gazprom Neft. The purchase was aided by a $12 billion loan. Gazprom became Russia's largest company.[30] On the day of the deal the company worth was valued at £69.7 billion (US$123.2 billion).

Countries dependent on Russian natural gas (2006)

In July 2006, On Gas Export was enacted with nearly unanimous vote from the State Duma. This law gave Gazprom the exclusive right to export natural gas from Russia.[31][32][33][34] In December 2006, Gazprom signed an agreement with Royal Dutch Shell, Mitsui and Mitsubishi, to take over fifty percent plus one share of Sakhalin Energy.[35]

In June 2007, TNK-BP, a subsidiary of BP plc, agreed to sell its stake in Kovykta field in Siberia to Gazprom after the Government of Russia questioned BP's right to export gas from Russia.[36][37][38][39]

On 1 August 2007, Gazprom's Sergey Kuprianov threatened Belarus with stoppage of their gas flow if the latter failed to pay off their debts and if so they would experience a 300% price increase. Two days later he saw significant progress towards payment and he expected to be paid by the next week.[40]

On 23 June 2007, the governments of Russia and Italy signed a memorandum of understanding towards a joint venture between Gazprom and Eni SpA to construct a 558-mile (900 km) gas pipeline to carry 1.05 trillion cubic feet (30 km3) gas per year from Russia to Europe. This South Stream pipeline would extend under the Black Sea to Bulgaria with a south fork to Italy and a north fork to Hungary.[41][42][43]

On 18 December 2007, Frank-Walter Steinmeier (who was then Foreign Minister of Germany) and Dmitry Medvedev signed an agreement on behalf of BASF to exploit another gas field. At the time, German demand was 40% covered by Russian supply. Some German academics warned that Germany had become too dependent of Russia but Steinmeier, citing the new Ostpolitik, disregarded them.[40]

On 11 February 2008 Kuprianov threatened Ukraine with a stoppage of flow; in January 2009 the threat was executed and on the coldest day of the year, Ukraine, Romania and Austria froze: the 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute had begun. BASF's Jürgen Hambrecht was concerned about the reliability of his firm's supply but Miller assuaged his worries in a phone call, and the Europeans did nothing to change course for more than a decade.[40]

On 1 December 2014, during a visit to Turkey, Putin said the SouthStream project would not proceed and 63 billion cubic metres per year (bcm/y) of gas would be shipped to Turkey instead of Bulgaria. Bulgaria was being sued by the European Union for signing a contract with Russia, which was not aligned with European Union regulations. The president of Bulgaria, Rosen Plevneliev, pressured the European Union and Russia to quickly resolve the matter.[44][45]

Continual rise

[edit]
The ceremony marking the opening of a LNG production plant built as part of the Sakhalin-II project

On 4 September 2012, the European Commission announced an anti-trust investigation into Gazprom's activities. This was based on "concerns that Gazprom may be abusing its dominant market position in upstream gas supply markets."[46] In late November 2013, Gazprom expanded its media interests by acquiring Profmedia from Vladimir Potanin.[47]

On 21 May 2014, in Shanghai, Gazprom and the China National Petroleum Corporation made a contract worth $400 billion over thirty years. The contract was for Gazprom to deliver 38 billion cubic meters of natural gas per year to China beginning in 2018.[48][49] In August 2014, construction began with pipes for the Power of Siberia pipeline delivered to Lensk, Yakutia.[50] Russia will start supplying natural gas to China through the Power of Siberia pipeline on 20 December 2019 as part of the two countries' $400 billion energy pact. Beijing and Moscow are now negotiating over a second Far Eastern gas pipeline.[51][needs update]

In June 2014, Gazprom negotiated with the International Petroleum Investment Company (IPIC of Abu Dhabi) over a 24.9 percent stake in the Austrian oil and gas firm OMV.[52] In July 2014, Gazprom acquired Central Partnership, one of the largest film distributors in Russia.[53]

In September 2015 the Nord Stream 2 contracts were signed, and by July 2021 the pipeline was commissioned.[40]

Changing situation

[edit]

Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the threat by Russia of reducing the supply of gas to Europe risked the Gazprom export market. When it was implemented, exports by Gazprom fell from the 185Bcm achieved in 2021 to 100Bcm in 2022 and fell again in 2023. The revenue of Gazprom, whilst initially supported by high prices collapsed in 2023 resulting in a trading loss and the need to increase the price in the domestic market by 34% over 3 years.[54][55] Gazprom has also opened itself up to compensation claims for failure to supply gas under long term contracts.[56]

Supply and reserves

[edit]
Countries by natural gas proven reserves (2014). Russia has the world's largest reserves.

Production

[edit]

In 2011,[needs update] Gazprom produced 513.17 billion cubic metres (18.122 trillion cubic feet) of natural gas, which was 17 percent of the worldwide production and 83 percent of Russian production. Of this amount, the Yamburg subsidiary produced 41 percent, Urengoy 23.6 percent, Nadym 10.9 percent, Noyabrsk 9.3 percent and others 15.2 percent. In addition, the company produced 32.28 million tons of oil and 12.07 million tons of gas condensate.[57][58][59]

The majority of Gazprom's fields are located in the Nadym-Pur-Taz region (near the Gulf of Ob) in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug in Western Siberia.[60] Historically, the three largest fields are Medvezhe, Urengoy and Yamburg.[61][62] After more than twenty years of production, the fields are now in decline. Production from the fields has decreased by twenty to twenty-five bcm per year.[63][64] The production at Zaporliarnoe, Gazprom's fourth largest field, increased until 2004, offsetting the decline in the other fields.[63] Since 2004, Gazprom has maintained production by activating new smaller fields and by purchasing production assets from other companies.[63][65]

Gazprom Neft produces crude oil. In 2005, Gazprom purchased 75 percent of the Gazprom Neft shares for $13.1 billion.[66]

billion cubic metres 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Natural gas 552.5 555.0 556.0 548.6 549.7 461.5 508.6 513.2 487.0 487.4 443.9 418.5 419.1 472.1 498.7 501.2 454.5 515.6
million tons 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Crude oil 0.9 9.5 34.0 34.0 32.0 31.6 32.0 32.3 33.3 33.8 35.3 36.0 39.3 48.6 48.3 48.0 47.1 48.2
Condensate 11.1 11.5 11.4 11.3 10.9 10.1 11.3 12.1 12.9 14.7 14.5 15.3 15.9 15.9 15.9 16.7 16.2 16.3
Source: Gazprom in figures 2004–2008, 2007–2011, 2009–2013 and 2012–2016.[57][58][59][67] 2017-2019 [68] 2020-2021 [69]

Imports from Central Asia

[edit]

Gazprom's ability to supply natural gas to domestic market and for reexport has relied to a large extent on imports from Central Asia.[62][63] In 2007, Gazprom imported a total of 60.7 billion cubic metres (2.14 trillion cubic feet) from Central Asia: 42.6 billion cubic metres (1.50 trillion cubic feet) from Turkmenistan, 8.5 billion cubic metres (300 billion cubic feet) from Kazakhstan, and 9.6 billion cubic metres (340 billion cubic feet) from Uzbekistan.[63] In particular, Gazprom purchased seventy-five percent of Turkmenistan gas exports in order to supply gas to Ukraine. In 2008, Gazprom paid $130/mcm to $180/mcm for gas from Central Asia.[63]

Reserves

[edit]

In 2015, Gazprom's proved and probable reserves of natural gas were 23.705 trillion cubic metres (837.1 trillion cubic feet), a 3.8% increase from the 2011 figure which represented 18.4% of the world's reserves. In 2015, the reserves of crude oil were 1.355 billion tons and the reserves of gas condensate were 933.3 billion tons.[57][70] 59.8 percent of Gazprom's natural gas reserves (Categories A+B+C1) were located in the Urals Federal District (decreasing), 20.5 percent in the Arctic shelf (increasing), and 8.3 percent in the Southern Federal District and North Caucasus Federal District.[57][58]

trillion cubic metres 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2013 2015 2019 2021
Natural gas 20.90 20.66 20.73 20.84 21.28 21.95 22.52 22.84 23.26 23.71 34.89 30.22
Source: Gazprom in figures 2004–2008, 2007–2011 and 2009–2013.[57][58][59] 2019 [68] 2021 [69]

Development and exploration

[edit]
Location of the Shtokman gas field

Gazprom has invested about 480 billion rubles ($20 billion) in new major projects in order to maintain supply.[63][65] Nearly 37 percent of Gazprom's reserves are located in the Yamal Peninsula and in the Barents Sea.[62]

Blue Stream Pipeline

[edit]
Main article: Blue Stream

One of Gazprom's major projects is the Blue Stream Pipeline.[71] The Blue Stream Pipeline delivers natural gas to Turkey via the Black Sea. In 1997, the Blue Stream Pipeline agreement between Turkey and Russia was signed.[72] In 2000, the first joint was welded. The pipeline has transported 16 billion cubic meters each year.[71]

Yamal Peninsula

[edit]
Main article: Yamal project

Exploration of the Yamal peninsula has found reserves of over 10 trillion cubic metres of natural gas and over 500 million tons of oil and gas condensate. About 60 percent of these reserves are located in Bovanenkovo, Kharasavey and Novoportovo. The natural gas production capacity of the Bovanenkovo field was estimated to be 115 billion cubic metres per annum (4.1 trillion cubic feet per annum), with potential to increase to 140 billion cubic metres per annum (4.9 trillion cubic feet per annum).[57]

Zapolyarnoye gas field

Shtokman field

[edit]
Main article: Shtokman field

The Shtokman field is one of the world's largest natural gas fields. It is located in the central part of the Barents Sea, 650 kilometres (400 mi) northeast of the city of Murmansk and 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) west of the Yamal Peninsula. The field is estimated to contain up to 3.7 trillion cubic metres (130 trillion cubic feet) of gas.[63] Potential production is 71 billion cubic metres per annum (2.5 trillion cubic feet per annum) in the initial phases, with a potential increase to 95 billion cubic metres per annum (3.4 trillion cubic feet per annum).[57] Gazprom, TotalEnergies (France) and Statoil (Norway) created a joint company Shtokman Development AG for development of the field.[73][74][75]

Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous area (Arctic shelf)

[edit]

On 8 April 2013, in Amsterdam, Alexey Miller, chairman of the Gazprom management committee, and Jorma Ollila, chairman of the board of directors of Royal Dutch Shell, signed in the presence of Putin and Mark Rutte, prime minister of the Netherlands, a memorandum outlining the principles of cooperation within hydrocarbons exploration and development in the Arctic shelf and a section of the deep-water shelf. [76]

Exploration

[edit]

In 2008, Gazprom carried out 284.9 kilometres (177.0 mi) of explorative well drilling; 124,000 kilometres (77,000 mi) of 2D seismic and 6,600 square kilometres (2,500 sq mi) of 3D seismic survey. As a result, gas reserves grew by 583.4 billion cubic metres (20.60 trillion cubic feet), and crude oil and gas condensate reserves grew by 61 million tons.

Gazprom carries out prospecting and exploration in foreign countries such as India, Pakistan, Algeria, Venezuela, Vietnam, Libya, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.[57]

Transportation

[edit]
Natural gas pipelines from Russia to Europe in 2009

Gazprom's Unified Gas Supply System (UGSS) includes 158,200 kilometres (98,300 mi) of gas trunklines and branches and 218 compressor stations with a 41.4 GW capacity. The UGSS is the largest gas transmission system in the world.[77] In 2008, the transportation system carried 714.3 billion cubic metres (25.23 trillion cubic feet) of gas.[57] Gazprom has claimed the UGSS has reached its capacity.[77] Major transmission projects include the Nord Stream pipelines as well as pipelines inside Russia.[57]

Liquefied Natural Gas

[edit]

In 2021 Russia had two large liquefied natural gas (LNG) production plants, Yamal LNG and Sakhalin-2 LNG both of which Gazprom has an interest in.

In March 2021, the Russian Government authorised a long-term programme to develop and expand the liquefied natural gas industry in Russia with nine more LNG plants, to address the growing global LNG market.[78]

In August 2021 Russia's first LNG bunkering vessel, Dmitry Mendeleev, was completed for Gazprom.[79]

In October 2021, Gazprom and RusGazDobycha announced they would build a new plant, Baltic LNG, at Ust-Luga, with access to the Baltic Sea for sea transportation westward. It would process ethane-containing natural gas with a capacity of 13 million tons of LNG per year.[79][80]

In 2024, Gazprom faced a significant shortage of LNG tankers, leading the company to use the Marshal Vasilevskiy floating storage and regasification unit (FSRU) for exporting LNG from its Portovaya facility. This shortage occurred because Gazprom's regular tankers, such as the Pskov, were involved in extended voyages to Asia, avoiding the Suez Canal and Red Sea due to security threats from Houthi attacks.[81]

Sales

[edit]

In 2006, Gazprom sold 316 billion cubic metres (11.2 trillion cubic feet) of gas to domestic customers; 162 billion cubic metres (5.7 trillion cubic feet) to the rest of Europe; and 101 billion cubic metres (3.6 trillion cubic feet) to CIS countries and the Baltic states.[63] Gazprom received about 60 percent of its revenue from its sales to European customers.[82] In 2008, the average gas price paid by Russian industrial customers was $71/mcm, while households paid $54/mcm.[63]

Since 2000, Natural gas prices have fluctuated. In late 2007, the price of natural gas at the New York NYMEX was $7.53 per million British thermal units ($25.7/MWh). At a conversion of 26,4 m3 per million Btu it would correspond to a price of $285 per 1,000 cubic metres. At the same time, based on their respective contracts with Gazprom, German customers paid $250 per cubic metre (m3), Polish customers $290 per m3, Ukraine customers $130 per m3 and Russian customers $49 per m3.[83]

Since the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 and as a result of falling export revenue, the domestic market will see price rises of 34% by July 2025.[55]

Exports

[edit]
See also: Russia in the European energy sector
CEO of Gazprom Alexei Miller and Head of the China National Petroleum Company Zhou Jiping signed a $400 billion gas deal for natural gas supplies via the Eastern Route between Gazprom and CNPC, 21 May 2014[84][85][86] Vladimir Putin and Xi Jinping pictured in background.

Gazprom delivered gas to 25 European countries. Its main export arm is Gazprom Export LLC, founded in 1973 and before 1 November 2006 known as Gazexport, which has a monopoly on gas exports to countries outside of the former Soviet Union. The majority of Russian gas in Europe is sold on 25-year contracts.[63] In late 2004, Gazprom was the sole gas supplier to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Estonia, Finland, Macedonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Serbia and Slovakia. It provided 97 percent of Bulgaria's gas, 89 percent of Hungary's gas, 86 percent of Poland's gas, nearly 75 percent of the Czech Republic's, 67 percent of Turkey's, 65 percent of Austria's, about 40 percent of Romania's, 36 percent of Germany's, 27 percent of Italy's, and 25 percent of France's gas.[87][88] By December 2010 with strong support from Alexander Medvedev and Antonio Fallico, who is Russia's honorary consul in Verona, a former Italian communist and a close associate of both Alexey Anatolievich Matveev (Russian: Алексей Анатольевич Матвеев; born 21 December 1963) and Vladimir Putin, Italy's gas supplied by Russia had greatly increased from 25 percent in 2004 to 70 percent.[89][90][91][92] In May 2006, the European Union received about 25 percent of its gas supply from Gazprom.[93][94] In 2006, Gazprom entered several long term gas contracts with European companies.[95] The contract prices were mainly linked to oil prices.[96]

In 2014, Europe was the source of 40% of Gazprom's revenue. The proportion of Europe's gas bought in the spot market rose from 15 percent in 2008 to 44 percent in 2012.[97]

In September 2013, during the G20 summit, Gazprom signed an agreement with CNPC that the Henry Hub index would not be used to settle prices for their trades.[98] On 21 May 2014, Putin met with Xi Jinping and negotiated a $400bn deal between Gazprom and CNPC.[99] Under the contract, Russia was to supply 38 billion cubic meters of gas annually over 30 years at a cost of $350 per thousand cubic meters beginning in 2018. In 2013, the average price of Gazprom's gas in Europe was about $380 per thousand cubic meters.[99] China offered a loan of about $50bn to finance development of the gas fields and the construction of the pipeline by Russia up to the Chinese border, with the Chinese to build the remaining pipeline.[99]

In January 2023, as a result of the sanctions imposed on Russia (as a result of the invasion of Ukraine in 2022), Gazprom announced its exports of gas fell 45% from 185Bcm to 101Bcm, mainly due to the loss of the European market.[100] During 2023 exports fell again, with Europe purchasing just 28Bcm, a level not seen since the 1970's.[55]

Price disputes

[edit]

On 1 January 2006, at 10:00 (Moscow time), during the Russia-Ukraine gas dispute, Gazprom ceased the supply of gas to the Ukrainian market. Gazprom called on the government of Ukraine to increase its payment for natural gas in line with increases in global fuel prices. During the night of 3 January 2006, and early morning of 4 January 2006, Naftogas of Ukraine and Gazprom negotiated a deal that temporarily[101] resolved the long-standing gas price conflict between Russia and Ukraine.

On 3 April 2006, Gazprom announced it would triple the price of natural gas to Belarus after 31 December 2006. In December 2006, Gazprom threatened to cease supply of gas to Belarus at 10 am Moscow time on 1 January 2007, unless Belarus increased payments from $47 to $200 per 1,000 cubic metres or to cede control over its distribution network.[102] Some analysts suggested Moscow was penalising Alexander Lukashenko, the President of Belarus, for not delivering on pledges of closer integration with Russia,[103] while others noted that other countries like Armenia were paying as much for their gas as Belarus would with the new price levels.[104]

Gazprom later requested a price of $105,[105] yet Belarus still refused the agreement. Belarus responded that if supplies were cut, it would deny Gazprom access to its pipelines, which would impair gas transportation to Europe.[106] However, on 1 January 2007, just a few hours before the deadline, Belarus and Gazprom signed a last-minute agreement. Under the agreement, Belarus undertook to pay $100 per 1,000 cubic metre in 2007. The agreement also allowed Gazprom to purchase 50 percent of the shares in Beltransgaz, the Belarusian pipeline network.[107] Immediately following the signing of this agreement, Belarus declared a $42/ton transportation tax on Russian oil travelling through the Gazprom pipelines crossing its territory.

On 13 March 2008, after a three-day period where gas supplies to Ukraine were halved, Gazprom agreed to supply Ukraine with gas for the rest of the year. The contract removed intermediary companies.[108]

On 1 April 2014, Gazprom increased the gas price charged to Ukraine from $268.50 to $385.50 (£231.00) per 1,000 cubic metres. Ukraine's unpaid gas bills to Russia stood at $1.7bn (£1.02bn).[109] On 30 October 2014, Russia agreed to resume gas supplies to Ukraine over the winter in a deal brokered by the European Union.[110]

Corporate affairs

[edit]

Gazprom is a vertically integrated company, one which owns its supply and distribution activities.[62] Gazprom owns all its main gas processing facilities in Russia. It operates Russia's high pressure gas pipelines and since 2006, it has held a legal export monopoly. Other natural gas producers, such as Novatek, Russia's second largest gas company, are forced to use Gazprom's facilities for processing and transport of natural gas.[82][111]

19th conference of Gazprom's young scientists in Tyumen in 2016
Gazprom's former headquarters in Cheryomushki District, South-Western Administrative Okrug, Moscow

At the end of 2008, Gazprom had 221,300 employees in its major gas production, transportation, underground storage and processing subsidiaries. Of these employees, 9.5 percent were in management, 22.9 percent were specialists, 63.4 percent were workers and 4.2 percent were other employees.[57] Gazprom's headquarters were in the Cheryomushki District, South-Western Administrative Okrug, Moscow[112] until 2021, when they moved to the Lakhta Centre in Saint Petersburg.[113]

Gazprom is a national champion, a concept advocated by Putin, in which large companies in strategic sectors are expected not only to seek profit, but also to advance Russia's national interests. For example, Gazprom sells gas to its domestic market at a price less than that of the global market.[16] In 2008, Gazprom's activities made up 10 percent of the Russian gross domestic product[57]

Due to its large projects, including international pipes like Nord Stream 1 and Turkish Stream, Gazprom used to be a substantial source of revenue for several domestic suppliers and contractors.[114]

Shareholders

[edit]

As of 2017, Gazprom's main shareholders were the Federal Agency for State Property Management with 38.37% and Rosneftegaz with 10.97%.[13] Together with a 0.89 share of Rosgazifikatsiya, they guaranteed a majority control of the company by the Russian government. The rest of the shares were held by investors, including 25.20% by ADR holders on foreign stock markets, and 24.57% by other legal entities and individuals.[13]

Gazprom is listed on the stock markets of Moscow and Karachi. It is the top component of the MICEX and RTS indices.[115] Gazprom used to be listed on the London, Berlin, Frankfurt and Singapore markets before the 2022 sanctions.[116]

Subsidiaries

[edit]
Main article: List of Gazprom's subsidiaries

Gazprom has several hundred subsidiaries in Russia and abroad which are owned and controlled directly or indirectly by the company. It has incorporated a subsidiary in the United Kingdom, named Gazprom International UK, and the Netherlands, named Gazprom International Projects BV.[117]

Management

[edit]
Gazprom CEO Alexei Miller with the Energy Minister of Ukraine Yuriy Boyko, June 2012

Gazprom's Board of Directors as of 9 August 2015:[118]

Gazprom's management committee as of December 2006:[119]

  • Alexei Miller (Chairman, Deputy Chairman of the Board, CEO, Chairman of Gazprombank, former Deputy Minister of Energy of Russia, member since 2001)
  • Alexander Ananenkov (Deputy Chairman, Deputy Chairman of the Board, Gazprom shareholder, member since 17 December 2001)
  • Valery Golubev (Deputy Chairman, Head of the Department for Construction and Investment, former Head of the Vasileostrovsky District, former member of the Federation Council of Russia, member since 18 April 2003)
  • Alexander Kozlov (Deputy Chairman, member since 18 March 2005)
  • Andrey Kruglov (Deputy Chairman, Head of the Department for Finance and Economics, member since 2002)
  • Alexander Medvedev (Deputy Chairman, Deputy Chairman of the Board, former Director General of Gazprom Export, President of Kontinental Hockey League, member of the Coordination Committee of RosUkrEnergo, member since 2002)
  • Mikhail Sereda (Deputy Chairman, Head of Administration, Deputy Chairman of Gazprombank, member since 28 September 2004)
  • Sergei Ushakov (Deputy Chairman, member since 18 April 2003)
  • Elena Vasilyeva (Deputy Chairman, Chief Accountant, member since 2001)
  • Bogdan Budzulyak (Head of the Department of Gas Transportation, Underground Storage and Utilization, member since 1989)
  • Nikolai Dubik (Head of Legal Department, member since 2008)
  • Konstantin Chuychenko (Head of the Control Department of Russia, presidential aide to Dmitry Medvedev, former chairman of Gazprom Media, executive director of RosUkrEnergo, former KGB officer, member since 2002)
  • Viktor Ilyushin (Head of the Department of Relationships with Regional Authorities of the Russian Federation, member since 1997)
  • Olga Pavlova (Head of the Department of Asset Management and Corporate Relations, member since 2004)
  • Vasiliy Podyuk (Head of the Department of Gas, Gas Condensate and Oil Production, member since 1997)
  • Vlada Rusakova (Head of the Department of Strategic Development, member since 5 September 2003)
  • Kirill Seleznev (Head of the Department of Marketing and Processing of Gas and Liquid Hydrocarbons, member since 27 September 2002, Director-General of Mezhregiongaz)

Sports sponsorships

[edit]

Gazprom is the owner and sponsor of the Russian Premier League football club FC Zenit Saint Petersburg and its other sporting departments (Basketball and volleyball), as well as volleyball club VC Zenit-Kazan and Gazprom-Ugra Surgut at Russian Volleyball Super League. Gazprom also owns SKA St Petersburg of the KHL.

On 1 January 2007, Gazprom became the sponsor of the German Bundesliga club FC Schalke 04 at a cost of up to €25 million per year. On 23 November 2009, the partnership was extended for a further five years. Schalke then suspended their sponsorship of Gazprom after the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The sponsorship was worth $150m (USD) over five years.[120]

On 9 July 2010, Gazprom became a sponsor of the Serbian SuperLiga football club Red Star Belgrade. In 2010, Gazprom was a Gold Partner of the Russian professional cycling team, Team Katusha, together with Itera, and Russian Technologies (Rostekhnologii).

On 17 July 2012, Gazprom became the official Global Energy partner of the UEFA Champions League 2012 winners Chelsea. The sponsorship continued for three years to 2015.[121]

In September 2013, Gazprom became an official partner of FIFA tournaments from 2015 to 2018. The contract included the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia.[122]

Gazprom also was a sponsor for the defunct-Minardi F1 team in 2002–2003.

In April 2021, Gazprom became a sponsor of the International Amateur Boxing Association (AIBA, now the International Boxing Association) as "general partner". The sponsorship became controversial due to the IBA's increased Russian ties under president Umar Kremlev. This partnership ended in 2023.[123][124]

On 9 July 2012, Gazprom became a sponsor of the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Super Cup. The sponsorship continued for three seasons until 2015. In 2021, the partnership was also extended until 2024. The company was also set to serve as the global partner for UEFA Euro 2020 and 2024; however, due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Gazprom's sponsorship for the Champions League and Euro 2024 was voided, marking the end of their 10-year partnership with UEFA.[125]

Environmental record

[edit]

According to geographer Richard Heede,[126] Gazprom is second on the list of companies with the highest level of CO2 emissions globally in 2013, with 1,135 million tonnes (1.117×109 long tons; 1.251×109 short tons) in 2013, amounting to almost 3.4% of worldwide anthropogenic emissions.[127]

Controversies

[edit]

Geopolitical leverage

[edit]
See also: Russia–Ukraine gas disputes, 2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute, and 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute

Repeatedly, Gazprom has been accused of being a political and economical weapon of Russia, using the supply and price of natural gas to gain control over Europe and most noteworthy, Ukraine.[128][129] “Regardless of how the stand-off over Ukraine develops, one lesson is clear: excessive dependence on Russian energy makes Europe weak,” said Donald Tusk, former prime minister of Poland in April 2014.[130] The friction resulted in two boycott campaigns in Ukraine, one that started in 2005, the other in 2013. Russia denies weaponizing energy via Gazprom.[131] In December 2019, Gazprom paid $2.9 billion to Ukrainian counterpart Naftogaz as ordered by a Stockholm court ruling’s award on damage claims stemming from alleged economical harassment.[132]

In the wake of the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine Gazprom had issues with many EU countries, and stated it would cut off supplies to French energy supplier, Engie, over failure to pay in full for deliveries. This was disputed, with France's Energy Transition Minister Agnes Pannier-Runacher stating, "Very clearly Russia is using gas as a weapon of war and we must prepare for the worst case scenario of a complete interruption of supplies."[133]

Yukos Oil fraud

[edit]

Yuganskneftegaz was the core production subsidiary of the Yukos Oil Company, which was previously run by a Russian businessman, Mikhail Khodorkovsky. In 2003, the Russian tax authorities charged Yukos and Khodorkovsky with tax evasion. On 14 April 2004, Yukos was presented with a bill for over US$35 bn in back taxes and a demand to pay the entire bill the same day. Requests by Yukos to defer payment, allow payment by installments or to discharge the debt by sale of peripheral assets, including its shareholding in the Sibneft oil company, were also refused.

The bailiffs froze Yukos' shares in Yuganskneftegaz and on 19 November 2004, they placed a notice in the Russian government newspaper Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Yuganskneftegaz would be sold at an auction thirty days later on 19 December 2004.[134] The conditions for participation in the auction included an advance deposit of US$1.7 bn and prior clearance by the Russian Federal Antimonopoly Service. In early December 2004, Gazprom submitted an application to participate in the auction via its wholly owned subsidiary, Gazpromneft.

On 15 December 2004, Yukos filed for bankruptcy protection in a Houston court and obtained a temporary injunction prohibiting Gazprom from participating in the auction. On 16 December 2004, a group of Western banks withdrew their financial support for Gazprom's application. On the same day, Baikalfinansgrup, a previously unknown company, applied to participate in the auction.

On 19 December 2004, only two companies appeared at the auction, Gazpromneft and Baikalfinansgrup. Gazpromneft declined to place any offer. Baikalfinansgrup acquired Yuganskneftegaz on its first bid. On 23 December 2004, Baikalfinansgrup was acquired by Rosneft. Rosneft later disclosed in its annual financial statement that it had financed the acquisition of Yuganskneftegaz.[135] At the time, Sergey Bogdanchikov was the president of Rosneft and the chief executive officer of Gazpromneft.[136]

Shortly after the auction, the planned merger between Gazprom and Rosneft was abandoned, and Bogdanchikov resigned his post as chief executive officer of Gazpromneft.

On 7 February 2006, in response to a question by a Spanish journalist, Vladimir Putin disclosed that Rosneft had used Baikalfinansgrup as a vehicle to acquire Yuganskneftegaz in order to protect itself against litigation.[137]

Antitrust

[edit]

On 22 April 2015, Gazprom was charged by the European Commission with using territorial restrictions to engage in anticompetitive behavior and using its dominant position to impose unfair prices.[138] The company was accused of preventing competition in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Slovakia.[139] The territorial restrictions prevented the import of gas at potentially more competitive prices.[140] The restrictions also prevented gas from reaching areas of high demand and avoiding areas of excessive supply. Gazprom was also accused of compelling entities to consent to the now defunct South Stream pipeline by necessitating a consent clause in long term contracts.[138]

In 2018, Gazprom agreed to a settlement which involved dropping all contractual barriers to the free flow of gas in Central and Eastern European gas markets and to take various steps to improve economic cooperation.[139][141] Customers would be given an explicit contractual right to trigger a price review when prices paid diverged from competitive price benchmarks, and be allowed more frequent and efficient price reviews. Gazprom agreed to not seek any damages from its Bulgarian partners following the termination of the South Stream project. Had the case gone to court, the company could have been forced to pay fines of up to $12 billion.[138]

In 2020, Gazprom agreed to reimburse Poland's PGNiG close to $1.5 billion for years of compelling it to overpay for its gas supply.[142]

Methane leaks

[edit]

In June 2021, a massive methane plume over Russia resulted from the partial shutdown of a Gazprom PJSC pipeline for emergency repair. The company said the repairs, which took place on 4 June, released 2.7 million cubic meters (1,830 metric tons) of methane. That amount has roughly the same short term planet-warming impact of 40,000 internal-combustion cars in the U.S. driving for a year, according to the Environmental Defense Fund. The climate warming effect of methane is judged to be 86-times more powerful than carbon dioxide.[143][144]

Nord Stream pipelines

[edit]
Main article: Nord Stream
See also: 2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage

Nord Stream is a system of offshore natural gas pipelines in Europe, running under the Baltic Sea from Russia to Germany. The pipelines are owned and operated by subsidiaries of Gazprom. The Nord Stream projects have been fiercely opposed by the United States and Ukraine, as well as by other Central and Eastern European countries, because of concerns that the pipelines would increase Russia's influence in Europe, and because of the knock-on reduction of transit fees for use of the existing pipelines in Central and Eastern European countries.[145][146] German Chancellor Olaf Scholz suspended certification of Nord Stream 2 on 22 February 2022 because Vladimir Putin led Russia to recognize the Donetsk and Luhansk regions of Ukraine as independent republics.[145] On 2 March 2022, it was reported that Nord Stream 2 AG, a Gazprom subsidiary, had ended business operations and laid off all 106 members of its staff as a result of International sanctions, though earlier reports that it had filed for bankruptcy were denied.[147]

On 26 September 2022, a severe drop in pressure in both NS1 and NS2 was associated with a rupture in both pipes due to sabotage.

Greenpeace protest against Arctic drilling

[edit]

Gazprom's oil drilling in the Arctic has drawn protests from environmental groups, particularly Greenpeace. Greenpeace has opposed oil drilling in the Arctic on the grounds that oil drilling damages the Arctic ecosystem and that there are no safety plans in place to prevent oil spills.[148]

In August 2012, Greenpeace had staged protests against the Prirazlomnaya oil platform, the world's first offshore Arctic drill site.[149][150] On 18 September 2013, the Greenpeace vessel MV Arctic Sunrise staged a protest and attempted to board Gazprom's Prirazlomnaya oil platform. Greenpeace stated that the drill site could cause massive disruption to the Arctic ecosystem.[151] After arresting two campaigners attempting to climb the rig,[152] the Russian Coast Guard seized control of the Greenpeace ship by dropping down from a helicopter and arresting thirty Greenpeace activists. Arctic Sunrise was towed by the Russian Coast Guard to Murmansk.

The Russian government intended to charge the Greenpeace campaigners with piracy and hooliganism, which carried a maximum penalty of fifteen years imprisonment. Greenpeace argued their operatives were in international waters.[153] The Russian government's actions generated protests from governments and environmentalists worldwide.[148][154][non-primary source needed] According to Phil Radford, Executive Director of Greenpeace in the US at the time, the reaction of the Russian Coast Guard and the courts were the "stiffest response that Greenpeace has encountered from a government since the bombing of the Rainbow Warrior in 1985."[155] The charges of piracy were dropped in October 2013. In November 2013, 27 of the 30 activists were released on bail.[156]

In May 2014, the first shipment of Arctic oil arrived at a refinery in the Netherlands and was purchased by the French company, TotalEnergies.[157]

The episode is portrayed in the 3-hour television documentary On Thin Ice: Putin v Greenpeace.[158][159]

Sanctions

[edit]

Following Russia's continued aggression towards Ukraine, the US tightened its debt financing restrictions on Gazprombank on 17 July 2014.[160] On 12 September 2014, the United States barred U.S. persons from selling goods and services to Gazprom and Gazprom Neft in connection with certain deepwater, Arctic offshore and shale projects.[160][161] On 31 July 2014, the EU placed financial restrictions on Gazprombank.[162] On 8 September 2014, the EU placed financial restrictions on Gazprom Neft.[163]

In April 2018, the United States placed CEO Alexey Miller among the Specially Designated Nationals.[164] This sanction bars U.S. individuals and entities from having any dealings with him. Entities outside U.S. jurisdiction may also face punishment if the U.S. government deems they are aiding a sanctioned entity. Miller himself claimed to be proud of the sanction: “Not being included in the first list I even had some doubts – may be something is wrong (with me)? But I am finally included. This means that we are doing everything right,” Miller said through his spokesman.[165]

In December 2019, the U.S. sanctioned firms involved in the Nord Stream 2 project.[166][167]

On 24 February 2022, upon the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the U.S. expanded penalties on Nord Stream 2 AG, a subsidiary of Gazprom, and sanctioned its CEO Matthias Warnig.[168] It also expanded debt and equity prohibitions against Gazprombank, Gazprom, and Gazprom Neft.[169] In addition, following the invasion, in March 2022 the European Union formally approved a ban on investments in the Russian energy sector, including Gazprom Neft.[170]

The UK banned Gazprom from its debt and equity markets on 2 March 2022,[171] sanctioned Gazprombank on 24 March 2022,[172] and Gazprom board members on 1 March 2023.[173] Gazprom Energy, a UK firm, stated that "supplies 20.8% of non-domestic gas volume in Great Britain. We source our gas through commodity exchanges in exactly the same way as our competitors and we do not depend on gas supplies from Russia."[171]

Effect of sanctions

Due to economic sanctions, Gazprom took the unprecedented step of suspending dividends for the first time since 1998.[174]

On 18 July 2022, amid the Nord Stream 1 maintenance period, Gazprom sent a letter declaring force majeure, declaring that due to extraordinary circumstances it could not guarantee a gas supply. On 26 September 2022 there was a rupture in both pipes due to sabotage.

In the first half of 2022 Gazprom made high profits, roughly equalling the profit for the whole of 2021, due to high prices. In the second half of 2022 and into 2023 Gazprom probably did not make a profit at all as a result of falling exports.[175] Overall Gazprom made a profit of 1.226 trillion roubles ($15.77 billion) in 2022, down 40%, after an extra tax was levied in late 2022.[176]

On 19 December 2022 the European Energy ministers agreed on a price cap for natural Gas at €180 per megawatt-hour[177] aiming to stop Russia forcing European gas prices upwards.

Exports of gas by Gazprom from Russia in 2021 was 185Bcm,[178] in 2022 it fell by 45% to 100Bcm[179] and in 2023 it fell again to 62Bcm.[180]

Private army

[edit]
Main article: Fakel (company)

In February 2023 Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin signed an order giving Gazprom Neft the right to form its own private army.[181]

Reducing and ceasing supplies to gas companies

[edit]

After the February 2022 invasion of Ukraine and the west introducing sanctions, western gas companies continued to pay, normally Gazprom Bank accounts in Euros and Dollars, which meant that the funds became blocked by sanctions. On 31 March, President Vladimir Putin signed a decree − decree 172, requiring payment to be made by alternate means. A number of western companies refused to pay except in accordance with their contracts, accordingly Gazprom ceased supply to those companies. there had also been cases of short delivery by Gazprom. This created the 2022–2023 Russia–European Union gas dispute

Arbitration cases through the International Court of Arbitration have been started by a number of western companies with long term contracts, for damages due to short supply or cessation of supplies in breach of Gazprom's contractual obligations, including Germany's Uniper, who is claiming €11.6 billion compensation from Gazprom[182] and Engie which opened proceedings in February 2023 for short delivery,[183]

Gazprom went to arbitration for €300m for unpaid gas from Gasum in Finland, which arbitration decided was payable, but not in rubles.[184]

India's GAIL is also seeking compensation through a London arbitration court over Gazprom's short delivery of LNG to India which were disrupted by sanctions against a Gazprom subsidiary in Germany.[185]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e "PJSC Gazprom IFRS Consolidated Financial Statements with Independent Auditor's Report 31 December 2020" (PDF). Gazprom. 29 April 2021. p. 86. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  2. ^ http://www.gazprom.ru/f/posts/01/851439/gazprom-accounting-report-2018.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ^ Grant, Peter (6 June 2017). "Gazprom's New Headquarters Towers Over All Others in Europe". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  4. ^ a b "ПАО "Газпром"". www.rusprofile.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  5. ^ a b Carpenter, J. William. "The Top Natural Gas Companies in the World". Investopedia. Archived from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  6. ^ "РБК 500: Крупнейшие компании России". РБК. Archived from the original on 16 November 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  7. ^ "Forbes Global 2000". Forbes. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  8. ^ "Сбербанк сдал строчку лидера "Газпрому"". expert.ru. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  9. ^ "Gazprom". Forbes. Archived from the original on 24 April 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  10. ^ a b c "Operations at Gazprom". gazprom.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  11. ^ "Transmission". gazprom.com. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  12. ^ Crumley (7 January 2009). "Russia's Gazprom Diplomacy: Turning Off Europe's Heat". Time. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  13. ^ a b c "Equity capital structure". Gazprom. 2018. Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  14. ^ Kupchinsky, Roman (2 February 2012). "Gazprom – A Troubled Giant". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
  15. ^ "Gazprom Joint Stock Company". Gazprom. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  16. ^ a b c d e Goldman, Marshall I. (2008). "5". Petrostate: Putin, Power and the New Russia. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534073-0.
  17. ^ Aarentsen, Maarten (2003). National reforms in European gas.
  18. ^ Goldman, p.61
  19. ^ Goldman, p.101
  20. ^ a b Goldman, pp.104–105
  21. ^ Goldman, pp.141–142
  22. ^ "Russian TV station loses freedom". BBC News. 3 April 2001. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
  23. ^ "Russian NTV viewers on the streets". BBC News. 8 April 2001. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
  24. ^ Tremlett, Giles (24 April 2001). "Putin is out to get me, says media tycoon World news, The Guardian". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
  25. ^ "Russian NTV handed to Gazprom". BBC News. 4 May 2001. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
  26. ^ "Kremlin agrees price for Gazprom." Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine BBC News 16 June 2005.
  27. ^ "ОАО "Газпром" О компании / История / 2005 год". Gazprom.ru. Archived from the original on 19 March 2008. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
  28. ^ Jason Bush (13 January 2006). "Gazprom | Open for Global Investors". www.businessweek.com. Archived from the original on 15 January 2006.
  29. ^ "Business | Gazprom opens doors to foreigners". BBC News. 24 June 2005. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
  30. ^ Yenikeyeff, Shamil, "BP, Russian billionaires, and the Kremlin: a Power Triangle that never was" Archived 7 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Oxford Energy Comment, 23 November 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2011.
  31. ^ "Full text in Russian". Rg.ru. Archived from the original on 14 June 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
  32. ^ Neil Buckley and Tobias Buck, "Duma votes for Russian gas export monopoly" Archived 2007-05-27 at the Wayback Machine, The Financial Times, 16 June 2006.
  33. ^ "Duma approves Gazprom export bill" Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 5 July 2006.
  34. ^ [1] Archived 2014-03-12 at the Wayback Machine
  35. ^ "Gazprom grabs Sakhalin gas stake". BBC. 21 December 2006. Archived from the original on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 31 December 2008.
  36. ^ "BP Set to Leave Russia Gas Project", by Guy Chazan and Gregory L. White, The Wall Street Journal, 23 June 2007 p. A3
  37. ^ "BP sells Kovykta gas field stake to Gazprom". CNN. 22 June 2007. Retrieved 29 June 2007. [dead link]
  38. ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (23 June 2007). "Moscow Presses BP to Sell a Big Gas Field to Gazprom". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 April 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2007.
  39. ^ "Gazprom, BP and TNK-BP enter into agreement on major terms of cooperation". Gazprom. 22 June 2007. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2007.
  40. ^ a b c d "Russia's Gazprom - Corrupt politicians and the greed of the west". DW Documentary. YouTube. 10 February 2024.
  41. ^ "Gazprom Pipeline Plan May Fuel Worry" by Gabriel Kahn, The Wall Street Journal, 25 June 2007 p. A11
  42. ^ "Gazprom, Eni plan big gas pipeline bypassing Turkey." Archived 10 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine Reuters 23 June 2007 Accessed 26 June 2007.
  43. ^ "Eni and Gazprom sign the agreement for the South Stream Project." Archived 17 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine Eni.it 23 June 2007 Accessed 26 June 2007.
  44. ^ "Russia confirms decision to abandon South Stream". EurActiv. 1 December 2014. Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
  45. ^ "Видео споделяне / VBOX7". Vbox7.com. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
  46. ^ Naeem, Asad (4 September 2012). "EU launches anti-trust case against Gazprom: Commission". Business Recording. Archived from the original on 17 September 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  47. ^ Douglas Busvine (26 November 2013). "Gazprom expands Russian media empire". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015.
  48. ^ "Russia's Putin signs 30-year gas deal with China". BBC News. 21 May 2014. Archived from the original on 11 February 2016.
  49. ^ "China and Russia sign $400 billion 30-year gas deal". Russia Herald. Archived from the original on 22 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  50. ^ Mitrova, Tatiana (9 September 2014). "Looking East Amid a Crisis to the West: Russia's Energy Export Strategies". NBR Interview. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  51. ^ "Russia To Start Supplying Gas To China By Pipeline In December 2019". Radio Free Liberty. 5 July 2017. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017.
  52. ^ "Update 2 -Gazprom in talks to buy Abu Dhabi's OMV stake-source". Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  53. ^ "Газпром-медиа" объединяет производство на базе "Централ Партнершип". Archived from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
  54. ^ "Gazprom in 2022: production and exports down, profits up". 12 January 2023.
  55. ^ a b c "Reaching the bottom: gas exports from Russia collapsed to USSR-era levels, Russians will see a sharp increase in tariffs". May 2024.
  56. ^ "Uniper CEO: we expect court decision on Gazprom arbitration in summer". Reuters. 17 January 2024.
  57. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Gazprom in figures 2004–2008" (PDF). Gazprom. 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2010. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
  58. ^ a b c d "Gazprom in Figures 2007–2011" (PDF). Gazprom. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
  59. ^ a b c "Gazprom in figures 2009–2013" (PDF). Gazprom. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  60. ^ Staalesen, Atle (16 June 2022). "Russia's biggest natural gas field is ablaze". The Barents Observer.
  61. ^ Söderbergh, B., Jakobsson, K., Aleklett, K., 2010. European energy security: an analysis of future Russian natural gas production and exports. Energy Policy 38 (12), 7827–7843.
  62. ^ a b c d Lunden, Lars; Fjaertoft, Daniel; Overland, Indra; Prachakova, Alesia (2013). "Gazprom vs. other Russian gas producers: The evolution of the Russian gas sector". Energy Policy. 61: 663–670. Bibcode:2013EnPol..61..663L. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.06.055. hdl:11250/2442564. Archived from the original on 8 March 2018.
  63. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Stern, Jonathan P. (2009). "The Russian Gas Balance to 2015: difficult years ahead". In Simon Pirani (ed.). Russian and CIS Gas Markets and their Impact on Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-955454-6.
  64. ^ "Gazprom". Russia Profile. 2008. Archived from the original on 26 January 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
  65. ^ a b "Questions and Answers: Production". Gazprom. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
  66. ^ "Financial Times, September 28, 2005". Financial Times. 28 September 2005. Archived from the original on 13 August 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
  67. ^ "Gazprom in figures 2012–2016" (PDF). Gazprom. 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  68. ^ a b "PJSC Gazprom Annual Report 2019" (PDF). Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  69. ^ a b "Gazprom Annual Report 2021" (PDF). Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  70. ^ "Gazprom in Figures 2011–2015" (PDF). Gazprom. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  71. ^ a b Alves, Joao (2016). "Blue Stream". The Role of Feedback in the Formation and Evolution of Star Clusters: 18. Bibcode:2016rffe.confE..18A. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  72. ^ "The Blue Stream Project". President of Russia. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  73. ^ "Gazprom and Total sign a Framework Agreement For Cooperation in the First Phase of Shtokman Development". OilVoice. 13 July 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2007.
  74. ^ "Total signs on Shtokman dotted line". Upstream Online. 13 July 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 13 July 2007.
  75. ^ "Gazprom and Statoil sign agreement on main condition for cooperation in phase 1 of Shtokman field development" (Press release). Gazprom. 25 October 2007. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 26 October 2007.
  76. ^ Gazprom (8 April 2013). "Gazprom and Shell agree to jointly develop Arctic shelf and produce shale oil in Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Area". Gazprom. Archived from the original on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
  77. ^ a b "FAQ: Transmission". Gazprom. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
  78. ^ "Russia announces its global LNG ambitions". Herbert Smith Freehills. 21 May 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  79. ^ a b "Gazprom aiming to expand liquefied natural gas production for foreign and domestic markets" (Press release). Gazprom. 28 October 2021. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  80. ^ Afanasiev, Vladimir (22 September 2021). "State lifeline: Russia promises 2 billion to Baltic LNG project". Upstream. Oslo. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  81. ^ "Tanker Deficit Prompts Gazprom to Use FSRU for LNG Exports". Energy Intelligence. 15 May 2024. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
  82. ^ a b Mitrova, Tatiana (2009). "Natural gas in transition: systemic reform issues". In Simon Pirani (ed.). Russian and CIS Gas Markets and their Impact on Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-955454-6.
  83. ^ Von Matthias Streitz (8 January 2007). "Despot Lukaschenko: Schluss mit Druschba – SPIEGEL ONLINE". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
  84. ^ "Russia, China Add to $400 Billion Gas Deal With Accord". Bloomberg L.P. 10 November 2014. Archived from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  85. ^ Wright, Chris. "$400 Billion Gas Deal Shows Russia Looking To China To Replace Western Money". Forbes. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  86. ^ Luhn, Alec; Macalister, Terry (21 May 2014). "Russia signs 30-year deal worth $400bn to deliver gas to China". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  87. ^ Dempsey, Judy. "Europe Worries Over Russian Gas Giant's Influence". EnergyBulletin.net. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 7 August 2008.
  88. ^ "Bulgaria, Russia's Gazprom Agree on Gas Deal". Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. 18 December 2006. Archived from the original on 17 June 2008. Retrieved 7 August 2008.
  89. ^ D'AVANZO, GIUSEPPE; GRECO, ANDREA; RAMPINI, FEDERICO (8 December 2010). "Berlusconi, Putin e quel biglietto. la vera storia del gas. di Mosca: Chi è Valentino Valentini: nelle rivelazioni del sito di Assange sarebbe lui l'uomo ombra indicato dall'ambasciatore Spogli come intermediario d'affari del presidente del Consiglio in Russia. Le altre figure dei "fedelissimi" del premier e il loro ruolo" [Berlusconi, Putin and that ticket. the true history of Moscow gas. Who is Valentino Valentini: in the revelations on Assange's website he is said to be the shadow man indicated by Ambassador Spogli as the Prime Minister's business intermediary in Russia. The other figures of the prime minister's "loyalists" and their role]. La Repubblica (in Russian). Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  90. ^ "Матвеев, Алексей Анатольевич" [Matveev, Alexey Anatolievich]. fa100.ru (in Russian). 12 December 2023. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023.
  91. ^ "Медведев, Александр Иванович". TASS (in Russian). 12 December 2023. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023.
  92. ^ "AGENTS IN POWER". The Saint Petersburg Times. 12 February 2008. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  93. ^ "Russia boosts gas exports to EU, holds talks with Ukraine". Taipei Times. 4 January 2006. Archived from the original on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 7 August 2008.
  94. ^ Medvedev, Alexander (30 May 2006). "Gazprom Rejects EU Demands for Access to Russian Gas Pipelines". Mosnews.com. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  95. ^ Locatelli, Catherine (February 2008). "EU Gas Liberalization as a Driver of Gazprom's Strategies?" (PDF). p. 22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 January 2022.
  96. ^ Kruse, Simon; Sørensen, Bent Højgaard (8 July 2011). "Russisk gas kan blive dyr for DONG". Berlingske.dk (in Danish). Archived from the original on 31 May 2022.
  97. ^ "Paying the piper." The Economist 4 January 2014.
  98. ^ ""Price of Gazprom gas for China not to be linked to Henry Hub index" 5 Sep 2013". Russia Beyond The Headlines ASIA. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  99. ^ a b c "China and Russia Reach 30-Year Gas Deal". The New York Times. 21 May 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  100. ^ "Gazprom in limbo after loss of European market". 3 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  101. ^ "Gazprom restores Ukraine gas flow". BBC News. 5 March 2008. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
  102. ^ Russian gas demands irk Belarus Archived 10 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 18 December 2006.
  103. ^ [2] Archived 2007-01-06 at the Wayback Machine
  104. ^ "dn.kiev.ua/". Dn.kiev.ua. Archived from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
  105. ^ Belarus-Gazprom Gas Talks Reach Impasse Archived 20 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine by Steve Gutterman, The Washington Post, 26 December 2006
  106. ^ Belarus gas row 'may hurt Europe' Archived 4 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 27 December 2006
  107. ^ [3] Archived 2007-01-08 at the Wayback Machine
  108. ^ "Business | Gazprom and Ukraine sign gas deal". BBC News. 13 March 2008. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
  109. ^ "Gazprom hikes Ukraine gas price by a third". BBC News. 1 April 2014. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016.
  110. ^ "Russia and Ukraine 'agree gas supply deal'". BBC News. 30 October 2014. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016.
  111. ^ "Strategy". Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  112. ^ "Contacts". Gazprom.com. 25 February 1993. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
  113. ^ "Gazprom registered in St. Petersburg". www.gazprom.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  114. ^ Leonid Bershidsky (23 May 2018). "A Fired Analyst Got Too Close to Gazprom's Truth: A report from Russian state bank Sberbank made the bold suggestion that Gazprom is run for its suppliers, not shareholders". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 23 May 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  115. ^ "Shares". Gazprom. 2018. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  116. ^ "Exchanges suspend trading in Russian financial stocks". 2 March 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  117. ^ "Gazprom hits gold in the North Sea prompting stronger sanction calls". 15 December 2023.
  118. ^ "Gazprom". Gazprom.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
  119. ^ "Gazprom". Gazprom. Archived from the original on 30 July 2008. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
  120. ^ "Schalke 04 extends partnership with Gazprom – Sports Sponsorship news – Soccer". Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  121. ^ "Latest News | Chelsea Football Club". Chelsea F.C. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  122. ^ "FIFA deal with Gazprom unaffected by corruption scandal – spokesman". TASS. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  123. ^ "Gazprom sponsorship with IBA has ended, says President Kremlev". www.insidethegames.biz. 1 May 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  124. ^ "International Boxing Association confirm partnership with Gazprom". www.insidethegames.biz. 6 April 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  125. ^ "Gazprom joins UEFA Champions League and UEFA Super Cup as an Official Partner". Gazprom. 9 July 2012. Archived from the original on 15 March 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  126. ^ "Rick Heede Biography". climatemitigation.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  127. ^ Douglas Starr (25 August 2016). "Just 90 companies are to blame for most climate change, this 'carbon accountant' says". Science Magazine. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016.
  128. ^ "Analysis: Natural gas is Vladimir Putin's weapon". ABC News. 16 April 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  129. ^ "How Gazprom helps the Kremlin put the squeeze on Europe". The Economist. 26 February 2022. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  130. ^ "Polish PM calls for EU energy union to end dependence on Russian gas". Reuters. 21 April 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  131. ^ "Russia denies weaponising energy amid Europe gas crisis". BBC News. 13 October 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  132. ^ Bor, Alexander (30 December 2019). "Ukraine's Naftogaz confirms receipt of $2.9 bil court award from Gazprom". www.spglobal.com. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  133. ^ Spencer, Mimosa; Pineau, Elizabeth (30 August 2022). "Gazprom says it will halt gas supplies to France's Engie, cites lack of payment". Reuters. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  134. ^ "Российский фонд федерального имущества (далее – Продавец) извещает о проведении торгов по продаже арестованных акций ОАО "Юганскнефтегаз"". Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  135. ^ "Rosneft Financial Statement" (PDF). Retrieved 13 March 2014. [dead link]
  136. ^ "Bogdanchikov Appointed Head of Gazpromneft – Kommersant Moscow". Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  137. ^ "Президент России". Archived from the original on 17 August 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  138. ^ a b c "Gazprom is going down". 30 November 2001.
  139. ^ a b "The EU antitrust case: no big deal for Gazprom | Bruegel". Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  140. ^ "Press corner". European Commission – European Commission. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  141. ^ "EU ends antitrust case against Gazprom without fines". Reuters. 24 May 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  142. ^ AFP (15 June 2020). "Russia's Gazprom to Reimburse Poland $1.5Bln". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  143. ^ "Gazprom Accepts Responsibility For Largest Known Methane Gas Leak Since 2019 | Pipeline Technology Journal". www.pipeline-journal.net. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  144. ^ Sedykh, A.D. "METHANE EMISSION IN THE GAS INDUSTRY OF RUSSIA (PDF)". www.osti.gov. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  145. ^ a b "Germany's Scholz halts Nord Stream 2 as Ukraine crisis deepens". Reuters. 22 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  146. ^ "Why Nord Stream 2 is the world's most controversial energy project". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  147. ^ "Nord Stream 2 AG Lays Off All Staff Due to Hard-Hitting Sanctions". Maritime Executive. 2 March 2022.
  148. ^ a b Shaun Walker (24 September 2013). "Russia to charge Greenpeace activists with piracy over oil rig protest". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  149. ^ "Greenpeace International responds to allegations from Russian authorities". Greenpeace International. 22 September 2013. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  150. ^ "Armed Russian guards storm Greenpeace vessel in Arctic". Channel NewsAsia. 25 September 2013. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  151. ^ "Greenpeace activists could be charged with terrorism after ship stormed". The Guardian. 20 September 2013. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  152. ^ "Greenpeace Storms Prirazlomnaya Platform in Arctic". Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  153. ^ "Greenpeace International responds to allegations from Russian authorities". Greenpeace International. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  154. ^ "Arctic Sunrise on Twitter: BREAKING: Dutch government issues formal demand to Russia for release of Greenpeace crew and ship". Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  155. ^ Lally, Kathy; Englund, Will. "U.S. Greenpeace captain jailed in Russia". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 1 October 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
  156. ^ "Russia drops piracy charges against Greenpeace group". BBC News. 23 October 2013. Archived from the original on 25 October 2013.
  157. ^ Carly Chynoweth (30 April 2014). "Total's purchase of Arctic oil shipment sparks row over offshore exploration". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  158. ^ Seale, Jack (9 June 2024). "On Thin Ice: Putin v Greenpeace review – a jaw-droppingly unforgettable real-life tale" – via The Guardian.
  159. ^ "On Thin Ice: Putin v Greenpeace" – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  160. ^ a b "Announcement of Expanded Treasury Sanctions within the Russian Financial Services, Energy and Defense or Related Materiel Sectors". www.treasury.gov. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  161. ^ "U.S. intensifies sanctions on Russia over Ukraine". Reuters. 12 September 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  162. ^ "EU Sanctions Map". www.sanctionsmap.eu. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  163. ^ Council Regulation (EU) No 960/2014 of 8 September 2014 amending Regulation (EU) No 833/2014 concerning restrictive measures in view of Russia's actions destabilising the situation in Ukraine, 8 September 2014, retrieved 22 May 2023
  164. ^ "U.S. sanctions will push Gazprom CEO into shadows: analysts". Reuters. 13 April 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  165. ^ "Gazprom CEO Miller says proud of inclusion on US sanctions list". www.euractiv.com. 9 April 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  166. ^ "Nord Stream 2: Trump approves sanctions on Russia gas pipeline". BBC News. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  167. ^ Ellyatt, Holly (18 December 2019). "US greenlights sanctions on mega Russia-EU gas pipeline, but it's probably too late". CNBC. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  168. ^ Mason, Jeff (24 February 2022). "U.S. slaps sanctions on company building Russia's Nord Stream 2 pipeline". Reuters. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  169. ^ "U.S. Treasury Announces Unprecedented & Expansive Sanctions Against Russia, Imposing Swift and Severe Economic Costs". U.S. Department of the Treasury. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  170. ^ "EU bans investment in Russian energy in new sanctions barrage". CNN. 15 March 2022.
  171. ^ a b "UK Government sanctions Gazprom". 2 March 2022.
  172. ^ . 24 March 2022 https://www.reuters.com/business/uk-adds-gazprombank-alfa-bank-sanctions-list-2022-03-24/. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  173. ^ "UK slams sanctions on Gazprom board members". 1 March 2023.
  174. ^ "Gazprom shares crater after Russian energy giant cancels dividend for first time since 1998". CNBC. 30 June 2022.
  175. ^ "Europe's Not Buying: The Impact of Lost Gas Markets for Gazprom and Russia". 5 May 2023.
  176. ^ "GAZPROM 2022 NET PROFIT FALLS 40% ON TAX HIKE, FULL-YEAR DIVIDEND SCRAPPED". 23 May 2023.
  177. ^ "Reuters: EU countries agree on Russian gas price cap". 4 June 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  178. ^ "Russia makes huge gas concession to Turkey". 11 May 2023.
  179. ^ "Russia is losing the energy war as Putin's winter gas attack backfires". 15 April 2023.
  180. ^ "Russian gas exports to Europe on rise in December -Reuters calculations". 18 December 2023.
  181. ^ "Another Private Military Group Is Being Established In Russia". International Business Times. 7 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  182. ^ "Uniper brings claim against Gazprom". 30 November 2022.
  183. ^ "Engie launches arbitration action against Gazprom over lack of gas deliveries". 21 February 2023.
  184. ^ "Finland's Gasum says tribunal ruled it does not have to pay Gazprom in roubles". Reuters. 16 November 2022.
  185. ^ "Gail initiates legal proceedings against Gazprom for non-supply of LNG". 19 May 2023.

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gazprom&oldid=1238251900"